Electrical generator apparatus, particularly for use on a vehicle roadway

ABSTRACT

An electrical generator apparatus, which is configured to convert an external actuation force applied by a vehicle traveling on a roadway into electrical energy, includes a rotatable top portion adapted to receive the external actuation force applied by the vehicle traveling on the roadway; a plurality of linkage members operatively connected to one another in succession, the rotatable top portion being operatively coupled to a first one of the plurality of linkage members; a first wheel operatively coupled to a last one of the plurality of linkage members; a second wheel operatively coupled to the first wheel via a tangential coupling element; a rotatable shaft operatively coupled to the second wheel; at least one flywheel operatively coupled to the rotatable shaft; and at least one electrical generator operatively coupled to the rotatable shaft, the electrical generator adapted to convert a rotational movement of the rotatable shaft into electrical energy.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/075,245 filed Mar. 30, 2011, and further claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 61/463,477 filed on Feb. 17, 2011,the disclosure of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference asif set forth in their entirety herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The invention generally relates to electrical generating apparatuses.More particularly, the invention relates to an electrical generatorapparatus that is designed to capture the otherwise wasted kineticenergy of moving vehicles travelling on a roadway, thereby resulting inthe more efficient use of energy resources. The present inventionmaterially contributes to the efficient utilization and conservation ofpetroleum-based energy resources by making better use of the energyconsumed by vehicles.

2. Background and Related Art

In recent years, there has been a worldwide focus on the more efficientutilization and conservation of energy resources. Fossil fuels, such ascoal, oil, and natural gas, take thousands of years to form naturally,and thus, cannot be replaced nearly as fast as they are being consumed.It is well known that gas-driven automobiles are one of the largestconsumers of oil in the world. While automotive manufacturers areactively developing technologies that are designed to increase the fuelefficiency of their vehicles (e.g., hybrid gas-electric vehicles), thesetechnologies typically overlook one important source of additionalenergy, namely the energy that can be produced by the interactionbetween the vehicles and the roadway on which they travel.

In the major countries throughout the world, including the UnitedStates, the automobile is the primary means of transportation. Theautomobiles in these countries travel along a network of roadways sothat their occupants can be transported from one location to another.These roadways, particularly those disposed in and around large cities,carry a relatively steady stream of traffic during a significant portionof each day. Because the vehicles travel along these roadways atconsiderable speeds, they possess a great deal of potential energy thatcan be converted into kinetic energy for producing useful work. Forexample, the energy produced by the kinetic energy of moving vehiclesadvantageously could be used for powering roadway lighting systems, tollbooths, and rest stops along an interstate highway. Unfortunately, inthe past, this vast source of free, sustainable energy from movingvehicles has rarely been utilized.

While others have designed different systems for extracting kineticenergy from moving vehicles, the related art devices have numerouslimitations and drawbacks. It is highly probable that theunderutilization of the unused kinetic energy of moving vehicles can beattributed to the limitations present in the related art. For example,some of these traffic-actuated systems employ complex fluid-basedsystems that are expensive and difficult to implement. In addition,these fluid-based systems are not easy to maintain once they areinstalled within the roadway. Other traffic-actuated systems of therelated art employ elements that substantially deviate from the generalcontour of the roadway, and thus, disturb the natural flow of traffic bycreating significant vehicle vibrations, as well as potentially creatinga great deal of unrest when motorists pass thereover. Some of theserelated art systems use geometric shapes that resemble speed bumps.While such systems could be utilized in areas where only low speeds aregenerally encountered, such as parking lots, it is obvious that thesesystems would be unsuitable for any roadways on which vehicles aretravelling at a high rate of speed, such as a freeway or highway, wherethe potential for harvesting energy produced by moving vehicles is thegreatest. Still other traffic-actuated systems taught by the related artutilize an arrangement of components that are readily susceptible tofatigue failure. Some of these related art systems use a plurality ofmeshed gears to harvest the kinetic energy imparted on the roadway bythe moving vehicle. Because these gears will be subjected to millions ofcycles in a region of high traffic, the gear teeth disposed on the outersurface thereof will likely undergo failure.

Thus, there is a great need for an electrical generator apparatus, whichis particularly for use on a vehicle roadway, that utilizes a simple andeasily serviceable arrangement of components, readily integrates into atypical roadway without substantially disrupting the general contourthereof, and employs a plurality of components that are less susceptibleto fatigue failure.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, the present invention is directed to an electricalgenerating apparatus, which is designed for use on a vehicle roadway,that substantially obviates one or more problems resulting from thelimitations and deficiencies of the related art.

In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, there isprovided an electrical generator apparatus configured to convert anexternal actuation force applied by a vehicle traveling on a roadwayinto electrical energy, which includes: a rotatable top portion adaptedto receive the external actuation force applied by the vehicle travelingon the roadway; a plurality of linkage members operatively connected toone another in succession, the rotatable top portion being operativelycoupled to a first one of the plurality of linkage members; a firstwheel operatively coupled to a last one of the plurality of linkagemembers without the use of gears; a second wheel operatively coupled tothe first wheel via a tangential coupling element; a rotatable shaftoperatively coupled to the second wheel; at least one flywheeloperatively coupled to the rotatable shaft; and at least one electricalgenerator operatively coupled to the rotatable shaft, the electricalgenerator adapted to convert a rotational movement of the rotatableshaft into electrical energy. In this embodiment, the second wheel isconfigured to rotate at a higher angular velocity than the first wheel.

In a preferred embodiment of this aspect of the present invention, whenthe external actuation force is applied by the vehicle travelling on theroadway, one of the plurality of linkage members undergoes substantiallytranslational movement and another one of the plurality of linkagemembers undergoes oscillatory movement.

In another preferred embodiment, one of the plurality of linkage membersis pivotally mounted about a fixed support member.

In yet another preferred embodiment, the rotatable top portion comprisesa first end region and a second end region, the first end region of therotatable top portion being rotatably connected to a support, and thesecond end region of the rotatable top portion being operatively coupledto the first one of the plurality of linkage members by means of adownwardly protruding portion.

In still another preferred embodiment, the rotatable top portion furtherincludes: an upper layer of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP); and a lowersupport structure disposed underneath the upper layer of fiberreinforced polymer (FRP).

In accordance with a second aspect of the present invention, there isprovided an electrical generator system comprising a plurality ofelectrical generator apparatuses, each including the elements asdescribed above for the first aspect of the invention, and at least twoof the plurality of electrical generator apparatuses being arranged inmirrored relationship to one another.

In a preferred embodiment of this aspect of the present invention, theat least two of the plurality of electrical generator apparatuses aremirrored with respect to a reference plane that extends in a directionsubstantially transverse to the longitudinal direction of the roadway.

In accordance with a third aspect of the present invention, there isprovided an electrical generator system configured to convert anexternal actuation force applied by a vehicle traveling on a roadwayinto electrical energy, which includes: a plurality of electricalgenerator apparatuses, a first of said plurality of electrical generatorapparatuses being arranged in mirrored relationship to a second of saidplurality of electrical generator apparatuses, the first and secondelectrical generator apparatuses being mirrored with respect to areference plane that extends in a direction substantially transverse tothe longitudinal direction of the roadway. The first and secondelectrical generator apparatuses each including: a rotatable top portionadapted to receive the external actuation force applied by the vehicletraveling on the roadway; a plurality of linkage members operativelyconnected to one another in succession, the rotatable top portion beingoperatively coupled to a first one of the plurality of linkage members;a rotatable shaft operatively coupled to a last one of the plurality oflinkage members by means of one or more intervening components; at leastone flywheel operatively coupled to the rotatable shaft; and at leastone electrical generator operatively coupled to the rotatable shaft, theelectrical generator adapted to convert a rotational movement of therotatable shaft into electrical energy.

In a preferred embodiment of this aspect of the present invention, theone or more intervening components comprise a first wheel, a secondwheel, and a tangential coupling element; the first wheel beingoperatively connected to the last one of the plurality of linkagemembers; the second wheel being operatively connected to the first wheelvia a tangential coupling element; and the second wheel beingoperatively connected to the rotatable shaft.

In another preferred embodiment, the tangential coupling elementcomprises one of: (i) a chain and (ii) a belt.

In yet another preferred embodiment, the second wheel is configured torotate at a higher angular velocity than the first wheel.

In still another preferred embodiment, the at least one flywheelcomprises two or more flywheels.

In accordance with a fourth aspect of the present invention, there isprovided an electrical generator apparatus configured to convert anexternal actuation force applied by a vehicle traveling on a roadwayinto electrical energy, which includes: a rotatable top portion adaptedto receive the external actuation force applied by the vehicle travelingon the roadway; a plurality of linkage members operatively connected toone another in succession, the rotatable top portion being operativelycoupled to a first one of the plurality of linkage members; a firstwheel operatively coupled to a last one of the plurality of linkagemembers; a second wheel operatively coupled to the first wheel via atangential coupling element; a rotatable shaft operatively coupled tothe second wheel; at least one flywheel operatively coupled to therotatable shaft; and at least one electrical generator operativelycoupled to the rotatable shaft, the electrical generator adapted toconvert a rotational movement of the rotatable shaft into electricalenergy. In this embodiment, the second wheel is configured to rotate ata higher angular velocity than the first wheel. Also, when theelectrical generator apparatus is in an unloaded state, an upper surfaceof the rotatable top portion is disposed substantially flush withrespect to an upper surface of adjacent roadway pavement. Moreover, whenthe electrical generator apparatus is in a loaded state, the uppersurface of the rotatable top portion is disposed in a downwardly slopingposition such that the upper surface of the rotatable top portion isangularly depressed with respect to the adjacent roadway pavement.

In a preferred embodiment of this aspect of the present invention, ashaft of the at least one electrical generator is offset with respect tothe rotatable shaft, and the shaft of the at least one electricalgenerator is operatively connected to the rotatable shaft via atangential coupling element.

In accordance with a fifth aspect of the present invention, there isprovided an electrical generator system comprising plurality ofelectrical generator apparatuses, each including the elements asdescribed above for the fourth aspect of the invention, and at least twoof the plurality of electrical generator apparatuses being laterallyspaced apart from one another across a width of the roadway.

In a preferred embodiment of this aspect of the present invention, theelectrical generator system further includes a housing having a bottomwall, a top wall, and a plurality of side walls for at least partiallyenclosing the plurality of electrical generator apparatuses, the housingincluding a maintenance passageway disposed between the at least twolaterally spaced apart electrical generator apparatuses, the housingfurther including an access manhole disposed in the top wall of thehousing and above the maintenance passageway so as to facilitate accessto the maintenance passageway.

In another preferred embodiment, the bottom wall of the housing isstepped downwardly in the location of the maintenance passageway so asto provide increased headroom height in the housing for servicing of theelectrical generator apparatuses.

In yet another preferred embodiment, at least two of the plurality ofelectrical generator apparatuses are mirrored with respect to areference plane that extends in a direction substantially transverse tothe longitudinal direction of the roadway.

In still another preferred embodiment, the rotatable top portion furtherincludes: a preformed polymer cover; a compressible filler materialdisposed underneath the preformed polymer cover; and a lower supportstructure disposed underneath the compressible filler material. In thispreferred embodiment, the lower support structure is operativelyconnected to a first one of the plurality of linkage members by means ofa downwardly protruding portion.

In yet another preferred embodiment, the electrical generator furthercomprises an overrunning clutch configured to disengage the rotatableshaft from the second wheel when the rotatable shaft rotates at a higherangular velocity than the second wheel, thereby enabling the rotatableshaft to rotate independently from the second wheel.

The electricity generated by the present invention can be used forpowering devices, such as roadway lights, that would otherwise consumeelectrical power supplied by a conventional power grid. Thus, the demandload of the conventional power grid is reduced, which in turn, reducesenergy resources that are consumed by the conventional power plant thatsupplies electricity to the conventional power grid. Accordingly, theelectrical generator apparatus of the present invention materiallycontributes to the efficient utilization and conservation of energyresources by making more efficient use of the fuel that is consumed byvehicles, and by reducing the demand load of conventional power plants.By harnessing the kinetic energy of moving vehicles, the presentinvention advantageously provides a valuable, additional source ofelectrical power that would otherwise be unutilized.

In addition, the electrical generator apparatus described herein is analternative, sustainable means of energy production. Unlike aconventional power plant, the electrical generator apparatus of thepresent invention is a “clean” technology that does not emit harmfulwaste products into the atmosphere as a byproduct of the powergeneration process. Consequently, the present invention also contributesto a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by reducing harmful wasteproducts that would otherwise by emitted from conventional power plants,which predominantly burn fossil fuels to generate electricity.

It is to be understood that the foregoing summary and the followingdetailed description of the present invention are merely exemplary andexplanatory in nature. As such, the foregoing summary and the followingdetailed description of the invention should not be construed to limitthe scope of the appended claims in any sense.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will now be described, by way of example, with referenceto the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a side view of the electrical generator apparatus according toa first embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2 is a sectional side view of the electrical generator apparatusaccording to a second embodiment of the invention, which is denoted bycutting-plane line W-W in FIG. 6;

FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of the ramp plate center hinge of theelectrical generator apparatus according to the second embodiment of theinvention;

FIG. 4 is a top view of the electrical generator apparatus according tothe second embodiment of the invention with the ramp plates shown on thetop of the housing;

FIG. 5 is another top view of the electrical generator apparatusaccording to the second embodiment of the invention with the ramp platesremoved from the housing;

FIG. 6 is yet another top view of the electrical generator apparatusaccording to the second embodiment of the invention, but with the topplate of the housing removed, which is denoted by cutting-plane line X-Xin FIG. 2;

FIG. 7 is a sectional side view of the electrical generator apparatusaccording to the second embodiment of the invention, which is denoted bycutting-plane lines Y-Y and Z-Z in FIG. 6, depicting the maintenanceaccess passageway;

FIG. 8 is a sectional side view of the electrical generator apparatusaccording to the second embodiment of the invention installed on aroadway with a semi-truck depicted thereon;

FIG. 9 is a sectional side view of the electrical generator apparatusaccording to the second embodiment of the invention installed on aroadway with a passenger car depicted thereon;

FIG. 10 is an electrical schematic diagram of one electricity collectionsystem used in conjunction with the exemplary embodiments of theelectrical generator apparatuses described herein;

FIG. 11 is a side view of one flywheel used in conjunction with theexemplary embodiments of the electrical generator apparatuses describedherein;

FIG. 12 is a sectional view of one flywheel used in conjunction with theexemplary embodiments of the electrical generator apparatus describedherein, which is denoted by cutting-plane line A-A in FIG. 11;

FIG. 13 is a side view of the electrical generator apparatus accordingto a third embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 14 is a sectional side view of the electrical generator apparatusaccording to a fourth embodiment of the invention, which is denoted bycutting-plane line W-W in FIG. 18;

FIG. 15 is an enlarged view of the ramp plate center hinge of theelectrical generator apparatus according to the fourth embodiment of theinvention;

FIG. 16 is a top view of the electrical generator apparatus according tothe fourth embodiment of the invention with the ramp plates shown on thetop of the housing;

FIG. 17 is another top view of the electrical generator apparatusaccording to the fourth embodiment of the invention with the ramp platesremoved from the housing;

FIG. 18 is yet another top view of the electrical generator apparatusaccording to the fourth embodiment of the invention, but with the topplate of the housing removed, which is denoted by cutting-plane line X-Xin FIG. 14;

FIG. 19 is a sectional side view of the electrical generator apparatusaccording to the fourth embodiment of the invention, which is denoted bycutting-plane lines Y-Y in FIG. 18, depicting the maintenance accesspassageway;

FIG. 20 is a sectional side view of the electrical generator apparatusaccording to the fourth embodiment of the invention installed on aroadway with a semi-truck depicted thereon;

FIG. 21 is a sectional side view of the electrical generator apparatusaccording to the fourth embodiment of the invention installed on aroadway with a passenger car depicted thereon;

FIG. 22 is an electrical schematic diagram of another electricitycollection system used in conjunction with the exemplary embodiments ofthe electrical generator apparatuses described herein;

FIG. 23 is a side view of another flywheel used in conjunction with theexemplary embodiments of the electrical generator apparatuses describedherein; and

FIG. 24 is a sectional view of another flywheel used in conjunction withthe exemplary embodiments of the electrical generator apparatusesdescribed herein, which is denoted by cutting-plane line A-A in FIG. 23.

Throughout the figures, the same parts are always denoted using the samereference characters so that, as a general rule, they will only bedescribed once.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION 1.First Embodiment

A first embodiment of an inventive electrical generator apparatus isseen generally at 100 in FIG. 1. In this embodiment, the electricalgenerator apparatus 100 generally comprises a rotatable top portionexemplified by rotatable lever portion 102, a first linkage memberexemplified by plunger bar 104, a second linkage member exemplified byleverage bar 106, a third linkage member exemplified by crank 108, afirst wheel 110, a second wheel 112, a flywheel 114, and an electricalgenerator 140. These components 102-140 are operatively coupled to oneanother such that electrical energy can be generated when an externalactuation force F is applied to the rotatable lever portion 102 by awheel WH of a vehicle traveling on a roadway surface RS. Each componentof the system will be described in detail below.

In the first preferred embodiment of the invention, the rotatable leverportion 102 has a first end 102 a, a second end 102 b, and an uppersurface 102 c. At the first end 102 a, the rotatable lever portion 102is preferably rotatably connected to a support 116 located on theroadway surface RS via a pin 120. Conversely, at the second end 102 b,the rotatable lever portion 102 is preferably fixedly attached to anupper edge of a plunger block 118. The lower portion of the plungerblock 118 is rotatably coupled to a first end 104 a of the plunger bar104 via a pin 122. Thus, when an external actuation force F is appliedto the upper surface 102 c of the rotatable lever portion 102, therotatable lever portion 102 rotates in a counter-clockwise direction CCWabout a rotational axis disposed generally centrally through the pin120. As a result of this motion, the second end 102 b of the rotatablelever portion 102 and the plunger block 118 fixedly attached theretoundergoes a downward vertical displacement.

In the preferred embodiment depicted in FIG. 1, the rotatable leverportion 102 and the plunger block 118 are depicted as having generallyrectangular geometries. However, it is to be understood that therotatable lever portion 102 and the plunger block 118 could be formedusing other geometric shapes without departing from the spirit of theinvention, such as but not limited to, semi-circular shapes.

As seen in FIG. 1, the rotatable lever portion 102 is operativelyconnected to an upper end of a tube spring 154. The tube spring 154extends vertically downward from the rotatable lever portion 102 to alowermost end, which is pivotally mounted to a bottom member of aU-shaped tube spring support structure 156. The opposed, upper ends ofU-shaped tube spring support structure 156 are attached to the bottomsurface of a housing plate lying beneath the roadway surface RS. Whenthe actuation force F is applied to the rotatable lever portion 102, thetube spring 154 is compressed and thus, undergoes elastic deformation.After the force F is no longer being applied to the rotatable leverportion 102 (i.e., when wheel WH is no longer pressing down on rotatablelever portion 102), the tube spring 154 urges the rotatable leverportion 102 back into its upward position. In order to prevent therotatable lever portion 102 from loudly slamming against the top surfaceof the housing plate, a rubber pad 152 is disposed on the top surfacethereof. Thus, when the bottom surface of the rotatable lever portion102 contacts the top surface of the housing plate, an objectionableslamming noise can be avoided. In a preferred embodiment, the rubber pad152 has a thickness of one-half (½) of an inch. However, one of ordinaryskill in the art will readily appreciate that the rubber pad 152 can beformed using other thicknesses without departing from the spirit andscope of the invention.

The plunger bar 104, as depicted in the first embodiment, includes afirst end 104 a and a second end 104 b. As described above, the firstend 104 a of the plunger bar 104 is preferably rotatably connected to alower portion of the plunger block 118 via a pin 122. Conversely, thesecond end 104 b of the plunger bar 104 is preferably rotatablyconnected to a first end 106 a of the leverage bar 106 via a pin 124.When the plunger block 118 undergoes the above described verticaldisplacement, the plunger bar 104, which is pivotally attached to theplunger block 118, also undergoes a downward vertical displacement (asdepicted by the dashed lines in FIG. 1). As it is vertically displaced,because the plunger bar 104 is not constrained about a stationary pivotof any type, it also undergoes a small horizontal displacement within avertical reference plane oriented in the direction of traffic flow.

While the plunger bar 104 is depicted in FIG. 1 as having an elongatedlongitudinal geometry with rounded first and second ends 104 a, 104 b,those of ordinary skill in the art will readily understand that theplunger bar 104 can be formed using many different alternativegeometries. For example, the ends 104 a, 104 b of the plunger bar 104need not be rounded, rather the ends 104 a, 104 b could be formed usingsharp corners (e.g., corners that form substantially 90-degree angles).

As seen in the first embodiment of FIG. 1, the leverage bar 106 includesa first end 106 a and a second end 106 b. As described above, the firstend 106 a of the leverage bar 106 is preferably rotatably connected to asecond end 104 b of the plunger bar 104 by virtue of pin 124. Thesecond, opposite end 106 b of the leverage bar 106 is operativelyconnected to a first end 108 a of the crank 108 via a pin 130. When theplunger bar 104 is vertically displaced in the manner described above,the leverage bar 106 rotates in a counter-clockwise direction about apin 126, which serves as a fixed pivot point for the leverage bar 106.As the leverage bar 106 rotates in the counter-clockwise direction, itrotates relative to crank 108, and pin 130 slides within an elongatedslot 128 at the second end 106 b of leverage bar 106. In the preferredembodiment, the ratio of the distance between the central axis of thepin 126 and pin 130 to the distance between the central axis of the pin124 and pin 126 is between 2:1 and 4:1. However, one of ordinary skillin the art will readily appreciate that these ratios are merelyexemplary, and that other ratios may be used without departing from thespirit of the invention.

While the leverage bar 106 is depicted in FIG. 1 as having a geometrythat resembles that of a boomerang, those of ordinary skill in the artwill readily understand that the leverage bar 106 can be formed usingmany different alternative geometries. For example, rather thanemploying an elongated geometry, the leverage bar 106 could be formedfrom a circular disk, or in the shape of an ellipse.

The crank 108 comprises a first end 108 a and a second end 108 b. Asexplained above, the first end 108 a of the crank 108 is operativelyconnected to the second end 106 b of the leverage bar 106. Conversely,the second end 108 b of the crank 108 is fixedly attached to the centralportion of the first wheel 110 such that crank 108 rotates together withthe first wheel 110. In the preferred embodiment, the crank 108 is shownhaving a length that is substantially greater than the diameter of thefirst wheel 110. However, it is to be understood that this depictedlength is merely given by way of example, and in no way is intended tobe limiting. In other embodiments, the crank 108 has a length that issignificantly less than the one shown in FIG. 1.

Advantageously, the first, second, and third linkage members 104, 106,108 (plunger bar, leverage bar, and crank) are operatively coupled toone other without the use of any gears, cams, or clutches. Similarly,the rotatable lever portion 102 is operatively coupled to the firstlinkage member 104 without the use of any gears, cams, or clutches.Also, the electrical generator apparatus 100 of the present inventiondoes not use any complex fluid or hydraulic systems of any type.Moreover, no magnetic or piezoelectric devices are employed in theelectrical generator apparatus 100 of the present invention. Thus, themanufacturing and maintenance of the electrical generator apparatus 100is simplified, and it is less susceptible to fatigue failure as comparedto other systems that employ gears and cams.

Next, the electrical power generation sub-assembly 150 of FIG. 1 will bedescribed in detail. The electrical power generation sub-assembly 150generally comprises a first wheel 110, a second wheel 112, a tangentialcoupling element 134 coupling the first wheel 110 to the second wheel112, a flywheel 114 operatively coupled to the second wheel 112 via anoutput shaft 138, and an electrical generator 140 operatively coupled tothe second wheel 112 and the flywheel 114 via the output shaft 138. Thetangential coupling element 134 may take the form of a belt, a chain, orany other coupling device that is capable transferring the rotationalmotion of the first wheel 110 to the second wheel 112 with minimalslippage. The first wheel 110 and the second wheel 112 are preferablystructurally supported on a first support structure 132 and a secondsupport structure 136, respectively.

A detailed depiction of an exemplary flywheel 114 is shown in FIGS. 11and 12. At its approximate geometric center, the flywheel 114 has a hub158, which operatively connects the flywheel 114 to the output shaft138. The flywheel 114 has a body portion 160 located radially outwardfrom the hub 158. The body portion 160 is provided with a plurality ofapertures 162 provided therethrough in order to minimize the weight ofthe body portion 160, as well as to reduce the amount of material thatis required to form the body portion 160, which desirably reduces itsmanufacturing cost. In other embodiments, the flywheel 114 could beprovided with a plurality of spokes or arms in lieu of the body portion160. At its outer periphery, the flywheel 114 contains a rim portion164. As best seen in the sectional view of FIG. 12, the rim portion 164has a thickness in the axial direction that is substantially greaterthan that of the body portion 160. This is the preferred design for theflywheel 114 because it concentrates the bulk of the flywheel mass inthe portion of the flywheel 114 that has the largest radii. The mass atthe largest radius of the flywheel 114 contributes much more to its massmoment of inertia because the mass moment of inertia is proportional to:mr² (mass multiplied by the square of the radius). Thus, concentratingthe majority of the flywheel mass in the portion of the flywheel havingthe largest radii, results in a more efficient use of the material(s)that are used to form the flywheel 114.

An exemplary electrical generator 140 is a conventional direct current(DC) generator having a mechanical input shaft, electrical output wires,and a plurality of internal components encased within a metal housing.The main internal components of the electrical generator 140 include,but are not limited to, the following: a magnetic frame or yoke, polecoils or field coils, armature windings or conductors, brushes andbearings, pole cores and pole shoes, an armature core, and a commutator.Because the structure and functionality of conventional DC generatorsare well known in the electromechanical arts, an extensive discussion ofelectrical generator 140 is not necessary in the present disclosure.

As shown in FIG. 1, the electrical power generation sub-assembly 150further includes a freewheel or overrunning clutch 166 that disengagesthe output shaft 138 from the second wheel 112 when the output shaft 138rotates faster than the second wheel 112 so that the output shaft 138 isable to freely and continually rotate independent from the second wheel112. Rather than employing a freewheel 166, the electrical powergeneration sub-assembly 150 could alternatively utilize a freehub forenabling the independent rotation of the output shaft 138. Because theoperation of freewheels, overrunning clutches, and freehubs are wellknown in the mechanical arts, a detailed discussion of their operationis not necessary in the disclosure at hand.

Now, the operation of the electrical generator apparatus 100 will beexplained. As the wheels WH of vehicles traveling on the roadway surfaceRS pass over the rotatable lever portion 102, they will exert agenerally downward actuation force F on the upper surface 102 c thereof.In response to the application of this force F, the rotatable leverportion 102 will rotate in a counter-clockwise direction that will, inturn, displace the plunger block 118 that is attached to the second end102 b of the rotatable lever portion 102 in a generally downwarddirection (see dashed lines in FIG. 1). The downward movement of theplunger block 118 will cause the plunger bar 104 to be displaced in asimilar downward fashion (as depicted by the dashed lines). In responseto the displacement of the plunger bar 104, the leverage bar 106 willrotate in a counter-clockwise direction about fixed pivot (pin 126).Thus, the first end 106 a of the leverage bar 106 will be downwardlydisplaced, while its second end 106 b containing elongated slot 128 willbe upwardly displaced (see dashed lines in FIG. 1). Because the crank108 is operatively coupled to the leverage bar 106, the upwarddisplacement of the second end 106 b of the leverage bar 106 will resultin a consequential upward displacement of the first end 108 a of thecrank 108 and a clockwise rotation of the crank 108 (refer to dashedlines in FIG. 1). The first wheel 110, which is fixedly secured to thecrank 108, will also rotate in a clockwise direction together withtangential coupling element 134, which is attached to the peripherythereof. The clockwise rotational movement of the tangential couplingelement 134 will, in turn, drive the second wheel 112 in a clockwisedirection. Because the second wheel 112 has a diameter that issignificantly smaller than the diameter of the first wheel 110, thesecond wheel 112 will rotate at a substantially higher angular velocity,and revolutions per minute (RPM), as compared to the first wheel 110.This will help maximize the power generated by this system. As describedabove, the second wheel 112 is operatively coupled to a flywheel 114 andan electrical generator 140 via the output shaft 138. Thus, the rotationof the second wheel 112 will be transmitted to both the flywheel 114 andthe electrical generator 140. The flywheel 114, which has a substantialmoment of inertia, is used as a storage device for storing rotationalenergy. In particular, the flywheel 114 helps to maintain the continualrotation of the output shaft 138 during the periods when vehicles arenot applying the external actuation force F on the upper surface 102 cof the rotatable lever portion 102. Thus, the generator is able todeliver electrical power on a more consistent basis during the operationof the system.

In the paragraph above, the downward stroke of the electrical generatorapparatus 100 was described in detail. However, it is to be understoodthat the electrical generator apparatus 100 undergoes cyclical motionand thus, when components 102, 104, and 118 reach the lowermost limit ofthe downward stroke (as indicated by the dashed lines in FIG. 1),components 102, 104, 106, 108, and 118 begin to move in the oppositedirection, and the upward stroke of the electrical generator apparatus100 commences. In a preferred embodiment, the tube spring 154, which iscompressed when the actuation force F is applied to the rotatable leverportion 102, is used to urge the components 102, 104, and 118 in anupward direction during the upward stroke of the electrical generatorapparatus 100. However, one of ordinary skill in the art will readilyunderstand that other devices may be utilized in lieu of a tube springsuch as, for example, a coil spring mounted around the outer peripheryof pin 120. When installed on a roadway surface RS, the upward stroke ofthe electrical generator apparatus 100 occurs when the actuation force Fis not being applied to the upper surface 102 c of the rotatable leverportion 102 (i.e., when the tire(s) of the vehicle are not contactingthe upper surface 102 c of the rotatable lever portion 102).

2. Second Embodiment

A second embodiment of an inventive electrical generator apparatus isseen generally at 200 in FIGS. 2 and 4-6. In some respects, the secondembodiment is similar to that of the first embodiment. Moreover, someparts are common to both such embodiments. For the sake of brevity, theparts that the second embodiment of the electrical generator apparatus200 has in common with the first embodiment of the electrical generatorapparatus 100 will not described in conjunction with the secondembodiment because these components have already been explained indetail above. Furthermore, in the interest of clarity, these componentswill be denoted using the same reference characters that were used inthe first embodiment.

However, it is evident from FIGS. 2 and 4-6 that the second embodimentof the electrical generator apparatus 200 also differs in severalimportant respects from that of the first embodiment of FIG. 1. Theunique features of the second embodiment will be explained in detailbelow. One of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate that theconstituent parts of the first and second embodiments may be readilycombined with one another without departing from the spirit and thescope of this invention.

First, turning to FIG. 2, one can see that the upper end of each plungerblock 118 is operatively coupled to a corresponding ramp plate thatincludes a fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) panel section 202, rather thanthe rotatable lever portion 102 depicted in FIG. 1. The FRP panelsection 202 is particularly well-suited for use on a roadway because ithas a high strength-to-weight ratio, and it is corrosion resistant,impact resistant, and easy to maintain. In addition, it is more costeffective than the other materials that are suitable for thisapplication. As shown in FIG. 2, each FRP panel section 202 isstructurally supported on a panel support structure 208, which ispivotally mounted about a ramp plate hinge 206. The ramp plate hinge 206allows a portion of the FRP panel sections 202 to rotate in mannersimilar to that of the rotatable lever portion 102 described inconjunction with the first embodiment. FIG. 2 depicts two FRP panelsections 202 and corresponding panel support structures 208 inclinedupwardly toward one another. The panel support structures 208 cometogether in a semi-interlocking fashion at a ramp plate center hinge210.

A detailed view of the ramp plate center hinge 210 is illustrated inFIG. 3. As seen in this figure, when the ramp plates are in the raisedposition, the complementary edges 240 of the two inclined panel supportstructures 208 are provided with a slight clearance therebetween so thatthe panel support structures 208 do not interfere with the downwardmovement of the ramp plates when the vehicle wheels WH are passingthereover. In a preferred embodiment, the surfaces of the edges 240 areprovided with a durable coating, such as Teflon®. While a particulargeometry has been depicted for the edges 240 of the panel supportstructures 208, it is to be understood that the edges 240 can be formedusing other geometric configurations so long as the geometry of theedges 240 does not impede with the downward movement of the ramp plates.

In a preferred embodiment, the ramp plates have a slope of approximately10:1 horizontal-to-vertical or less in the raised position (solid lineposition) depicted in FIG. 2. When a vehicle passes over the rampplates, they rotate downwardly and become substantially flat when theweight of the passing vehicle is applied thereto. Consequently, thevertical vibration experienced by the occupants of the passing vehicleis significantly less than that encountered when riding over a rigidramp with the same profile design. Although a slope of approximately10:1 or less is preferred to minimize vehicle vibrations, it is to beunderstood that other slopes may be used for the ramp plates withoutdeparting from the spirit and the scope of the invention.

In one embodiment, the panel support structure 208 is in the form of aone (1) inch thick steel plate. However, one of ordinary skill in theart will readily appreciate that the panel support structure 208 can beformed in many different ways. For example, rather than using a steelplate that is one (1) inch thick, one could utilize a thinner steelplate and provide the thinner plate with stiffeners in order to increaseits strength and rigidity.

As seen in FIG. 2, each panel support structure 208 is operativelyconnected to an upper end of a tube spring 154. The tube spring 154extends vertically downward from the panel support structure 208 to alowermost end, which is pivotally mounted to the bottom member of aU-shaped tube spring support structure 156. The opposed, upper ends ofU-shaped tube spring support structure 156 are attached to the bottomsurface of the top plate of housing 216. The functionality of the tubespring 154 is virtually the same as that described above for the firstembodiment.

In a preferred embodiment, the outer portions of each FRP panel section202 are structurally supported using high strength (6,000 psi) mortar218 (see FIG. 2). This helps to ensure the structural integrity of theelectrical generator apparatus 200 when large vehicles are passing overthe apparatus 200. This is especially important when large, extremelyheavy tractor trailers are passing over the electrical generatorapparatus 200 on a highway installation.

As can be seen in FIGS. 2 and 6, the second embodiment of the electricalgenerator apparatus 200 comprises a first plurality of electricalgenerator sub-assemblies 204 arranged in mirrored relationship to asecond plurality of electrical generator sub-assemblies 204. Thisarrangement of electrical generator sub-assemblies 204 enables the poweroutput generated therefrom to be maximized. As best shown in FIG. 6, thegenerators 212 of the first plurality of electrical generatorsub-assemblies 204 are substantially aligned in the horizontal(left-to-right) direction along centerlines. Similarly, the generators212 of the second plurality of electrical generator sub-assemblies 204are substantially aligned in the horizontal (left-to-right) directionalong centerlines, which are spaced apart from, and generally parallelto, the centerlines of the first plurality of electrical generatorsub-assemblies 204. Moreover, it can be seen that each electricalgenerator sub-assembly 204 contains two generators 212 mounted on outputshaft 138 in an opposed relationship to one another. On the inner sideof each of these two generators 212, and secured to output shaft 138,are mounted two flywheels 114 for energy storage purposes (as describedabove). While the arrangement of FIG. 6 depicts the generators 212 ofeach respective first and second plurality of electrical generatorsub-assemblies 204 being substantially aligned with one another, one ofordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate that otherconfigurations are possible. For example, the electrical generators 212of each sub-assembly 204 could be arranged in a staggered relationshipwith respect to one another in the longitudinal direction (i.e., in theleft-to-right direction of FIG. 6).

Now, with reference to FIGS. 2, 4, 5, and 6, the structure of housing216 will be described. As shown in these figures, the first and secondpluralities of electrical generator sub-assemblies 204 are enclosedwithin a housing 216. The housing 216 generally comprises a top plate216 a, side plates 216 b, 216 c, end plates 216 d, 216 e, and a bottomplate 216 f. The top plate 216 a of the housing 216 is best shown inFIGS. 4 and 5, which respectively depict the top of the housing 216 withthe ramp plates shown, and the ramp plates removed. As seen in these twofigures, the top plate 216 a contains two sets of apertures foraccommodating the passage of components therethrough. The apertures areshown dashed in FIG. 4 because they are located underneath the rampplates, while they are shown solid in FIG. 5 because the ramp plateshave been omitted in this figure. The first set of apertures comprisesfour (4) elongated slots 236, each designed for accommodating one of theplunger blocks 118. The elongated slots 236 are all sized to be slightlylarger than the cross-sectional area of each plunger block 118 so thateach plunger block is able to freely move in a substantially verticaldirection without interfering with the top plate 216 a of the housing216. The second set of apertures comprises eight (8) circular openings238, each designed for accommodating one of the tube spring 154 shafts.Similar to the elongated slots 236, the circular openings 238 are allsized to be slightly larger than the cross-sectional area of thecomponent that they receive. In this case, each circular opening 238 issized to be slightly larger than the shaft of each tube spring 154.Thus, the shaft of each tube spring 154 is able to freely move in asubstantially vertical direction without coming into contact with thetop plate 216 a of the housing 216.

As best seen in FIG. 5, similar to the first embodiment of theinvention, a rubber pad 152 is disposed on the top surface of the tophousing plate 216 a between the bases 222 of each ramp plate hinge 206so as to prevent the rotatable ramp plates from loudly slamming againstthe top surface of the housing plate 216 a. Thus, when the bottomsurface of the panel support structure 208 comes into contact with thetop surface of the housing plate 216 a, an objectionable slamming noisecan be avoided. In a preferred embodiment, the rubber pad 152 has athickness of one-half (½) of an inch, but those of ordinary skill in theart will appreciate that other thicknesses may also be used withoutdeparting from the spirit of the invention.

Also, in a preferred embodiment, the top and bottom corners of thehousing 216 are provided with corner stiffeners 220 (see FIG. 2). Solelyfor the purpose of illustration, and not of limitation, the housing 216can be formed from one-half (½) inch thick steel plates, while thecorner stiffeners 220 can be 1″×3″×3″ corner stiffeners. However, one ofordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate that the housing 216can be formed using plates with other thicknesses and from othermaterials and that similarly, other sizes of corner stiffeners 220 canbe used without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

While not explicitly shown in the drawings, the housing 216 of theelectrical generator apparatus 200 can be flanked on opposite sides byelectrical wiring conduits. After leaving the electrical generatorapparatus 200, the wiring from the generators 212 can be routed in theelectrical wiring conduits to an electrical storage device (e.g., abattery array) and/or devices that require electrical power (e.g.,street lights). In a preferred embodiment, the electrical wiringconduits are mounted in class “S” type concrete. Class “S” type concreteis highly desirable for use in such an application because it is verystrong, and has a compressive strength (f′c) of 4,500 psi.

In FIG. 2, it is seen that the gap between the outer, upper edge of thehousing 216 and the adjacent roadway pavement 228 is ideally filled witha joint sealer 224 so as to prevent the separation of the electricalgenerator apparatus 200 from the existing roadway pavement 228. Inaddition, the joint sealer 224 also provides a benefit from thestandpoint of waterproofing, namely the joint sealer 224 inhibits orprevents the passage of moisture in the gap between the housing 216 andthe existing roadway pavement 228 adjacent thereto. Even though notexplicitly shown in the figures, one of ordinary skill in the art willreadily appreciate that the other sides of the housing 216 can beprovided with a joint sealer 224 completely therearound for the purposesherein described.

Referring again to FIG. 2, the output shaft 138 is seen to beoperatively connected to the second wheel 112. Also, as described abovewith regard to the first embodiment, the second wheel 112 is operativelycoupled to the first wheel 110 via a tangential coupling element 134. Inthe second embodiment, as depicted in FIG. 6, it can be seen that firstwheel 110, second wheel 112, and output shaft 138 are mounted on a wheelsupport frame 232. It is to be understood that the geometry of the wheelsupport frame 232 depicted in FIG. 6 is merely exemplary in nature, andthat many other geometric configurations of the wheel support frame 232can be used without departing from the spirit of the invention describedherein.

In FIG. 6, it can be seen that the crank 108, which is operativelyconnected to the first wheel 110, has a U-shaped geometry. While it isto be understood that this particular geometric configuration of thecrank 108 is in no way limiting and that other geometric configurationsare explicitly contemplated herein (e.g., the crank could merely be asimple longitudinally-extending bar), the beneficial aspects of thisparticular geometric configuration are worth noting. For example, asshown in FIG. 6, the U-shaped geometry of the crank 108 enables twofirst wheels 110 to be placed next to one another, each on an opposingside of the wheel support frame 232. This additional first wheel 110would be advantageously coupled to an additional second wheel 112 via anadditional tangential coupling element 134. This particular arrangementof the electrical generator sub-assembly 204 could have numerousbenefits, such as reducing the fatigue stress on the tangential couplingelement 134.

As described above with regard to the first embodiment, the crank 108 isoperatively connected to the leverage bar 106 at its first end 108 a.Similarly, the pivotal motion of the leverage bar 106 about fixed pivotpin 126 was heretofore described. However, the manner in which the pivotpin 126 is structurally supported was not described in conjunction withthe first embodiment, so it will be described here. As best depicted inFIG. 2, a central support structure 230 is provided between the firstand second pluralities of electrical generator sub-assemblies 204, whichare provided in mirrored relationship to one another. In order toprovide a mounting surface for each pivot pin 126, lateral sides of thecenter support structure 230 are provided with opposing mounting plates230 a, 230 b. Each of these mounting plates 230 a, 230 b accommodatesone pivot pin 126. In addition to providing a support structure for thepivot pins 126, the central support structure 230 also advantageouslystructurally supports the top plate 216 a of the housing 216. After all,the top plate 216 a supports a vast amount of weight, particular whenvehicles are passing over the top of the electrical generator apparatus200.

In a preferred embodiment, the overall width of the electrical generatorapparatus 200 is approximately 11′-0″ (i.e., in the longitudinaldirection of the housing side plates 216 b, 216 c). This overall widthof approximately 11′-0″ is sized in accordance with the typical widthfor a lane of traffic. While the U.S. Highway System uses a 12-foot (3.7m) standard lane width, lanes having a 11-foot (3.4 m) width are foundto be acceptable by the Federal Highway Administration for automobiletraffic. However, it is to be understood that this dimension is merelygiven by way of example, and in no way is intended to be limiting. Thus,it is readily appreciated that, in other embodiments, the electricalgenerator apparatus 200 can have a width different than 11′-0″.

Now, maintenance access to the electrical generator apparatus 200 willbe described with reference to FIGS. 2 and 4-7. In general, serviceaccess to the electrical generator apparatus 200 will be achieved usingan access manhole 214 and associated passageway 234. In particular, asbest shown in FIGS. 2, 4, and 5, the manhole 214 will be placed at apredetermined location in the existing roadway pavement 228 thatsurrounds the housing 216, preferably adjacent to the housing 216 (seee.g., FIG. 2). A first vertical portion of the passageway 234 isprovided beneath the manhole 214. And, as best shown in FIG. 6, a secondhorizontal portion of the passageway 234 extends through side 216 b ofthe housing 216, and between a plurality of electrical generatorsubassemblies 204. The passageway 234 allows a service technician togain access to the components of the electrical generator apparatus 200,such as the generators 212. As most clearly illustrated in FIG. 7, thehorizontal portion of the passageway 234 has a height that issignificantly greater than the portions of the housing 216 in which theelectrical generator subassemblies 204 (schematically represented inFIG. 7) are disposed. The additional height of the horizontal portion ofthe passageway 234 is intended to enable a service technician to crawlinto the interior of the housing 216 so that the desired maintenance maybe performed on the electrical generator subassemblies 204. It is to beunderstood that the sizes and locations of the access manhole 214 andthe passageway 234 can be varied without departing from the spirit ofthe invention. For example, rather than passing through side 216 b ofthe housing 216, the horizontal portion of the passageway 234 couldalternatively extend through side plate 216 c, one of the end plates 216d, 216 e, or through the bottom plate 216 f.

In a preferred embodiment, the access manhole 214 is of heavy-dutyconstruction, and has a diameter of approximately two-feet and sixinches (2′-6″). Although, it is to be understood that the manhole 214can be formed using other diameters without departing from the spiritand scope of the invention.

FIG. 8 depicts the electrical generator apparatus 200 and associatedaccess manhole 214 on a roadway with a semi-truck ST shown thereon.Similarly, FIG. 9 depicts the electrical generator apparatus 200 andmanhole 214 on a roadway with passenger car PC depicted thereon. Thepurpose of these two figures is simply to give an illustrative exampleof the relative size of the electrical generator apparatus 200 ascompared to that of common vehicles, such as the semi-truck ST and thepassenger car PC, travelling on a roadway. One of ordinary skill in theart will readily appreciate that the relative sizes of the electricalgenerator apparatus 200 illustrated in FIGS. 8 and 9 are merelyexemplary in nature, and thus are in no way intended to limit the scopeof the invention. It also will be readily apparent to one of ordinaryskill in the art that the electrical generator apparatus 200 can beformed in many different sizes, and that all of these variations areincluded within the scope of the claimed invention.

In FIG. 10, an electrical schematic diagram of an exemplary electricitycollection system used in conjunction with the illustrated embodimentsof electrical generator apparatus is depicted. One of ordinary skill inthe art will readily appreciate that the electricity collection systemillustrated in FIG. 10 is simply one example of an electrical collectionsystem that can be utilized with the electrical generator apparatuses100, 200, 400, 500 and therefore, the invention is in no way limited tothis particular configuration. In FIG. 10, a plurality of generators 300wired in parallel is electrically connected to an electrical storagedevice 302. The plurality of generators 300 produce direct current (DC)power. In a preferred embodiment, the electrical storage device 302comprises one or more batteries for storing the electrical energygenerated by one or more electrical generator apparatuses 100, 200, 400,500. However, in other embodiments of the invention, a different type ofelectrical storage device could be employed, such as capacitors orultracapacitors. A voltage regulator 304 for automatically maintaining aconstant voltage level is electrically connected to the electricalstorage device 302. On its output side, the voltage regulator 304 iselectrically connected to an inverter 306 that converts the incomingdirect current (DC) from the voltage regulator 304 into alternatingcurrent (AC) for power use. After passing through both the voltageregulator 304 and the inverter 306, the output power from the electricalgenerator apparatuses 100, 200, 400, 500 has the same voltage andfrequency as the local power grid. Although, before being transmitted tothe utility grid, the alternating current (AC) on the output side of theinverter 306 passes through a safety interface device 308.

3. Third Embodiment

A third embodiment of an inventive electrical generator apparatus isseen generally at 400 in FIG. 13. The third embodiment is similar tothat of the first embodiment, and in some respects, it is also similarto that of the second embodiment. Moreover, some parts are common to allthree embodiments. For the sake of brevity, the parts that the thirdembodiment of the electrical generator apparatus (400) has in commonwith the preceding two embodiments of the electrical generator apparatus(100, 200) will not described in conjunction with the third embodimentbecause these components have already been explained in detail above.Furthermore, in the interest of clarity, these components will bedenoted using the same reference characters that were used in the firsttwo embodiments.

However, it is evident from FIG. 13 that the third embodiment of theelectrical generator apparatus (400) also differs in several importantrespects from that of the first two embodiments described hereinbefore.The unique features of the third embodiment will be explained in detailbelow. One of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate that theconstituent parts of the first, second, and third embodiments may bereadily combined with one another without departing from the spirit andthe scope of this invention.

First, turning to FIG. 13, one can see that the second end 104 b of theplunger bar 104 is connected directly to the first end 108 a of thecrank 108 by means of pin 124 in the third embodiment. Unlike thepreceding two embodiments described above, the third embodiment of theelectrical generator apparatus (400) does not include the leverage bar106.

Omitting the leverage bar 106 and directly connecting the plunger bar104 to the crank 108 has both advantages and disadvantages. Oneadvantage offered by the third embodiment of the invention is that theelectrical generator apparatus 400 can be made more compact in size thanthe electrical generator apparatuses 100, 200 of the preceding twoembodiments. The smaller footprint of the electrical generator apparatus400 permits a greater quantity of electrical generator sub-assemblies tobe included within a standard size housing, thereby potentiallyincreasing the overall power output of the electrical generatorapparatus. Also, eliminating the leverage bar 106 advantageouslysimplifies the design of the electrical generator apparatus by reducingits number of components, thereby decreasing its overall cost. However,omitting the leverage bar 106 from the electrical generator apparatusalso has disadvantages as well. The primary disadvantage of theelectrical generator apparatus 400, as compared to the electricalgenerator apparatuses 100, 200, is that the elimination of the leveragebar 106 reduces the travel angle A of the crank 108 when a vehicleapplies a force F to the rotatable lever portion 102. Similarly, thevertical displacement d of the first end 108 a of the crank 108 of theelectrical generator apparatus 400 also is undesirably less than that ofthe first two embodiments, which utilize the leverage bar 106.

For electrical generator apparatuses with smaller flywheels 114, 600 andelectrical generators 140, 212, the leverage bar 106 is advantageouslyused to increase the input angular velocity (rpm) for the electricalgenerators 140, 212. On the other hand, for electrical generatorapparatuses with larger flywheels 114, 600 and electrical generators140, 212 operating at lower angular velocities, the leverage bar 106 canbe omitted.

In an exemplary embodiment, the travel angle A of the crank 108 of theelectrical generator apparatus 400 is approximately 11.5 degrees when avehicle applies a force F to the rotatable lever portion 102. Moreover,the vertical displacement d of the first end 108 a of the crank 108 ofthe electrical generator apparatus 400 is approximately three andfive-eighths (3⅝) inches during the downward stroke of the apparatus400. However, it is to be understood that the exemplary travel angle anddisplacement are merely given by way of example, and in no way areintended to be limiting. In other embodiments, the crank 108 has travelangles and displacements that are different from the exemplary valuesdescribed above.

Because the operation of the electrical generator apparatus 400 issubstantially the same as that described above for the electricalgenerator apparatus 100 (i.e., except for the omission of the leveragebar 106), it is not necessary to reiterate the details of the operationhere.

4. Fourth Embodiment

A fourth embodiment of an inventive electrical generator apparatus isseen generally at 500 in FIGS. 14 and 16-18. The fourth embodiment issimilar to that of the second embodiment, and in some respects, it isalso similar to that of the first and third embodiments. Moreover, someparts are common to all four embodiments. For the sake of brevity, theparts that the fourth embodiment of the electrical generator apparatus(500) has in common with the preceding three embodiments of theelectrical generator apparatus (100, 200, 400) will not described inconjunction with the fourth embodiment because these components havealready been explained in detail above. Furthermore, in the interest ofclarity, these components will be denoted using the same referencecharacters that were used in the first three embodiments.

However, it is evident from FIGS. 14 and 16-18 that the fourthembodiment of the electrical generator apparatus (500) also differs inseveral important respects as compared to the three embodimentsdescribed hereinbefore. The unique features of the fourth embodimentwill be explained in detail below. One of ordinary skill in the art willreadily appreciate that the constituent parts of the first, second,third, and fourth embodiments may be readily combined with one anotherwithout departing from the spirit and the scope of this invention.

First, turning to FIG. 14, it can be seen that the upper end of eachplunger block 118 is operatively coupled to a corresponding ramp platethat includes a preformed polymer cover 502 and a compressible fillermaterial 504, rather than the fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) panelsection 202 depicted in the second embodiment of FIG. 2. As shown inFIG. 14, and similar to the second embodiment of FIG. 2, the preformedpolymer cover 502 and the compressible filler material 504 arestructurally supported on a panel support structure 208, which ispivotally mounted about a ramp plate hinge 206. In the unloaded state ofthe electrical generator apparatus 500 illustrated in FIG. 14, thesupport structures 208 are inclined upwardly toward one another, whilethe preformed polymer material 502 is disposed generally flush withrespect to the roadway pavement. Unlike the second embodiment describedhereinbefore, the ramp plates of the electrical generator 500 assume adepressed position when the wheel WH of a vehicle passes thereover(i.e., each of the plates slope downwardly to a central valley locatedat the ramp plate center hinge 210′).

A detailed view of the ramp plate center hinge 210′ of the fourthembodiment is illustrated in FIG. 15. The ramp plate center hinge 210′of the fourth embodiment is similar in most respects to the ramp platecenter hinge 210 of the second embodiment, except for the preformedpolymer cover 502 and the compressible filler material 504 beingdisposed above the complementary edges 240 of the two inclined panelsupport structures 208, rather than the FRP panel sections 202.

In a preferred embodiment, the ramp plates of the fourth embodiment aregenerally flush with respect to the roadway pavement when the plates arein an unloaded position (see e.g., FIG. 14). When a vehicle passes overthe ramp plates, they rotate downwardly and assume a depressed positionwhen the weight of the passing vehicle is applied thereto (refer to thedashed line in FIG. 14). Advantageously, the compressible fillermaterial 504 in each ramp plate assembly minimizes the vibrationexperienced by the occupants of vehicle when passing over the electricalgenerator apparatus 500.

In one preferred embodiment of the invention, the preformed polymercover 502 of the ramp plates is formed from neoprene and has a treatedsurface, while the compressible filler material 504 is formed from amolded neoprene filler. However, one of ordinary skill in the art willappreciate that, in other embodiments of the invention, the preformedpolymer cover 502 and the compressible filler material 504 could beformed using other suitable materials.

Similar to the second embodiment described above, the fourth embodimentof the electrical generator apparatus (500) comprises a first pluralityof electrical generator sub-assemblies 204′ arranged in mirroredrelationship to a second plurality of electrical generatorsub-assemblies 204′ (refer to FIGS. 14 and 18). However, the electricalgenerator sub-assemblies 204′ of the fourth embodiment differ in severalsignificant respects from that of the second embodiment. First, similarto the third embodiment, the leverage bar 106 is omitted from eachelectrical generator sub-assemblies 204′, and the plunger bar 104 ofeach sub-assembly 204′ is connected directly to the crank 108. Omittingthe leverage bars 106 from the electrical generator sub-assemblies 204′of the fourth embodiment has the same advantages and disadvantages thatwere described above with regard to the third embodiment. Secondly,unlike in the second embodiment of the electrical generator apparatus(200), the electrical generators 212 of the electrical generatorsub-assemblies 204′ in the fourth embodiment are not connected directlyto the respective output shafts 138. Rather, as best illustrated in FIG.18, each electrical generator 212 is offset with respect to itsassociated output shaft 138 and is connected thereto by means of a thirdwheel 506 disposed on an opposed end of its respective output shaft 138and a tangential coupling element 508. Offsetting each electricalgenerator 212 with respect to its associated output shaft 138 isadvantageous because it obviates the need for close tolerances at theconnection of electrical generator 212 to its associated output shaft138. Like the tangential coupling element 134, the tangential couplingelement 508 may take the form of a belt, a chain, or any other couplingdevice that is capable transferring the rotational motion of the thirdwheel 506 to the electrical generator 212 with minimal slippage.

Now, maintenance access to the electrical generator apparatus 500 willbe described with reference to FIGS. 14 and 16-19. Like the secondembodiment of the electrical generator apparatus (200), service accessto the electrical generator apparatus 200 will be achieved using anaccess manhole 214′ and associated passageway 234. Although, unlike thesecond embodiment of the invention, the manhole 214′ will be placeddirectly above the passageway 234 and between the electrical generatorsub-assemblies 204′ (see FIGS. 16, 17, and 19), rather adjacent to thehousing 216 as in the second embodiment. Also, in the fourth embodimentof the invention, the passageway 234 only comprises a horizontal pathwaythat extends between a plurality of electrical generator subassemblies204′ (refer to FIGS. 18 and 19).

In a preferred embodiment, the access manhole 214′ is of heavy-dutyconstruction, and has a generally square shape with sides that have alength of approximately two-feet and six inches (2′-6″). Although, it isto be understood that the manhole 214′ can be formed using other shapesand dimensions without departing from the spirit and scope of theinvention.

Advantageously, the split configuration of the ramp plates in the fourthembodiment of the invention (i.e., two sets of ramp plates are disposedon opposite sides of the manhole 214′—see FIG. 16) allows the electricalgenerator apparatus 500 to be more easily integrated into a roadwayhaving a sloped surface. It is common for roadways to be provided withboth a longitudinal slope (e.g., when the roadway is directed along anincline or decline) and a transverse slope from the crown in the middleof the roadway to its shoulder edge. Unlike the ramp plates in thesecond embodiment that span substantially the entire width of a lane oftraffic, the ramp plates in the fourth embodiment have a width that issubstantially less than a lane of traffic. For example, in onenon-limiting embodiment, the ramp plates have a width that isapproximately equal to three feet (3′-0″).

Because the operation of the electrical generator apparatus 500 issubstantially the same as that described above for the electricalgenerator apparatus 200 (i.e., except for the omission of the leveragebar 106 and the contour of the ramp plates), it is not necessary toreiterate the details of the operation here.

FIG. 20 depicts the electrical generator apparatus 500 on a roadway witha semi-truck ST shown thereon. Similarly, FIG. 21 depicts the electricalgenerator apparatus 500 on a roadway with passenger car PC depictedthereon. Like FIGS. 8 and 9 that were described previously with regardto the second embodiment, the purpose of these two figures is simply togive an illustrative example of the relative size of the electricalgenerator apparatus 500 as compared to that of common vehicles, such asthe semi-truck ST and the passenger car PC, travelling on a roadway.

In FIG. 22, an electrical schematic diagram of an alternative exemplaryelectricity collection system used in conjunction with the illustratedembodiments of the electrical generator apparatus is depicted. One ofordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate that the electricitycollection system illustrated in FIG. 22 is simply another example of anelectrical collection system that can be utilized with the electricalgenerator apparatuses 100, 200, 400, 500 and therefore, the invention isin no way limited to this particular configuration. In FIG. 22, aplurality of alternating current (AC) generators are each coupled to arespective rectifier/voltage regulator. Because the 3-phase AC outputfrom each generator will be of varying frequencies, it needs to beconditioned prior to being transmitted to the common inverter in FIG.22. The rectifier portion of each respective rectifier/voltage regulatoris used to convert the 3-phase AC output from each generator into adirect current (DC) output, while the voltage regulator portion of theeach respective rectifier/voltage regulator is used for automaticallymaintaining a constant voltage level. On their output sides, eachrectifier/voltage regulator is electrically connected to an inverterthat converts the incoming direct current (DC) from eachrectifier/voltage regulator into alternating current (AC) for power use(e.g., 110-120 V, 60 Hz). After passing through the common inverter, the3-phase AC output power from the electric generating system can betransformed into a higher voltage by utilizing a transformer, ifrequired, to meet the voltage requirements of the power grid.

An alternative embodiment of the flywheel used in connection with theelectrical generator apparatuses 100, 200, 400, 500 is shown in FIGS. 23and 24. At its approximate geometric center, the flywheel 600 has a hub602, which operatively connects the flywheel 600 to the output shaft138. In an exemplary embodiment, a plurality of set screws 604 are usedto securely attach the hub 602 to the output shaft 138. As bestillustrated in FIG. 23, the flywheel 600 has a plurality of spokes 606extending radially outward from the hub 602. Each spoke 606 comprises anouter tubular member 606 a that surrounds an inner rod 606 b. The spokes606 of the flywheel 600 are generally equally spaced-apart from oneanother and, together with the hub 602 and a rim portion 610, define aplurality of substantially pie-shaped apertures 608 in the flywheel 600.Referring to FIG. 24, it can be seen that the first end portion of eachinner rod 606 b is fixedly attached to the hub 602, while the second,opposed end portion of each inner rod 606 b is fixedly attached to aninner annular member 610 b of the rim portion 610. The rim portion 610,which is located at the outer periphery of the flywheel 600, also has apair of outer annular members 610 a that are releasably attached toopposed sides of the inner annular member 610 b by means of a pluralityof fasteners, such as screws 612. Advantageously, the detachable outerannular members 610 a make it easy to adjust the mass of the flywheel600, and consequently, its moment of inertia. Like the flywheel 114described above, the flywheel 600 is designed to concentrate the bulk ofits mass in the portion of the flywheel 600 that has the largest radii,namely the rim portion 610.

It is readily apparent that the aforedescribed electrical generatorapparatuses 100, 200, 400, 500 offer numerous advantages. First, theseelectrical generator electrical generator apparatuses materiallycontribute to the more efficient utilization and conservation ofpetroleum-based energy resources by harvesting the otherwise wastedkinetic energy of moving vehicles. Secondly, electrical generatorapparatuses 200 and 500 are particularly designed such that they can beeasily integrated into a typical roadway without substantiallydisturbing the normal contour of the pavement, and without alarmingmotorists who encounter the apparatuses on the roadway. As such,electrical generator apparatuses 200 and 500 are suitable for use onroadways where vehicles are travelling at a high rate of speed, such asfreeways and highways. Also, each of the electrical generatorapparatuses 100, 200, 400, 500 utilizes a simple arrangement ofmechanical components to transfer an external actuation force applied bya vehicle to one or more electrical generators, the components beingless susceptible to fatigue failure as compared to gear and cammechanisms used in other systems. In addition, none of the electricalgenerator apparatuses 100, 200, 400, 500 employ any complex fluid orhydraulic systems. Advantageously, the electrical generator apparatuses100, 200, 400, 500 of the aforedescribed embodiments provide anauxiliary source of electrical energy for powering various devices, suchas roadway lights, toll booths, and rest stops along interstatehighways.

Although the invention has been shown and described with respect to acertain embodiment or embodiments, it is apparent that this inventioncan be embodied in many different forms and that many othermodifications and variations are possible without departing from thespirit and scope of this invention.

For example, while the electrical generator apparatuses 100, 200, 400,500 have been described hereinabove as being installed in typicalroadway pavement, it is to be understood the inventor has alsocontemplated installing the electrical generator apparatuses 100, 200,400, 500 beneath the bridge decks of steel or pre-stressed concretegirder bridges. In such an installation, special bracing members wouldbe required between the girders in order to support the apparatuses 100,200, 400, 500. Also, in order to safely accommodate a plurality ofelectrical generator apparatuses 100, 200, 400, 500 on a bridge, thetypical girder framing of the bridge (i.e., the girders and the traversecross-frames) would potentially require additional reinforcing.Alternatively, or in addition to such reinforcing, the size of theframing members may need to be increased.

Moreover, as another example, while a tube spring 154 is describedhereinabove as the means for urging the rotatable top portions (e.g.,the rotatable lever portion 102 and rotatable ramp plates) back intotheir upward positions, the inventor has also contemplated using a linkpivotally mounted about its approximate center (i.e., a seesaw-typelink) as an alternative means for performing this functionality. In suchan arrangement, the one end of the pivotally mounted link would beoperatively coupled to a “button” in the roadway, while the second,opposite end of the pivotally mounted link would be operatively coupledto the rotatable top portion of the electrical generator apparatuses100, 200, 400, 500. Thus, when the approaching wheels of a vehicle(e.g., the rear wheels mounted on the rear axle of the passenger car ortruck) passes over the “button”, the pivotally mounted link attachedthereto is rotated, and the opposite end of the pivotally mounted linkurges the rotatable top portion back into its upward position if it isin a depressed position (e.g., after it has been depressed by the frontwheels mounted on the front axle of the passenger car or truck). If therotatable top portion is already in its upward position, then thedepressing of the “button” by wheels of the vehicle will not have anyeffect on the position of the rotatable top portion. The use of apivotally mounted link (i.e., a seesaw-type link) in lieu of a tubespring 154 offers several advantages. First, the resistance of thepivotally mounted link will be less than that of the tube spring 154,and thus, will interfere less with the downward rotation of therotatable top portion. In order to effectively urge the rotatable topportion to its upward position, the resistance of the tube spring 154must be very large, which will deleteriously result in a reduction ofthe downward force applied to the electrical generator apparatuses 100,200, 400, 500 by cars and trucks passing thereover. Secondly, byemploying the pivotally mounted link rather the tube spring 154,potential issues with the overheating of the spring will be obviated.Because the tube spring 154 is being constantly compressed as cars andtrucks are passing over the electrical generator apparatuses 100, 200,400, 500, it is likely to get extremely hot. Finally, the use of thepivotally mounted link in lieu of the tube spring 154 will reduce theamount of maintenance that is required for the electrical generatorapparatuses 100, 200, 400, 500. As a result of its repetitive loadingand unloading, the tube spring 154 will be susceptible to fatiguefailure, which would necessitate its periodic replacement.

While exemplary embodiments have been described herein, one of ordinaryskill in the art will readily appreciate that the exemplary embodimentsset forth above are merely illustrative and should not be construed asto limit the claims in any manner. Rather, the scope of the invention isdefined only by the appended claims and their equivalents, and not, bythe preceding description.

The invention claimed is:
 1. An electrical generator system configuredto convert an external actuation force applied by a vehicle traveling ona roadway into electrical energy, the electrical generator systemcomprising: a plurality of electrical generator apparatuses, at leasttwo of the plurality of electrical generator apparatuses being laterallyspaced apart from one another across a width of the roadway, each of theat least two laterally spaced apart electrical generator apparatusesincluding: a rotatable top portion adapted to receive the externalactuation force applied by the vehicle traveling on the roadway; aplurality of linkage members operatively connected to one another insuccession, the rotatable top portion being operatively coupled to afirst one of the plurality of linkage members; a first wheel operativelycoupled to a last one of the plurality of linkage members without theuse of gears; a second wheel operatively coupled to the first wheel viaa tangential coupling element, the second wheel being configured torotate at a higher angular velocity than the first wheel; a rotatableshaft operatively coupled to the second wheel; at least one flywheeloperatively coupled to the rotatable shaft; and at least one electricalgenerator operatively coupled to the rotatable shaft, the electricalgenerator adapted to convert a rotational movement of the rotatableshaft into electrical energy; and a maintenance access assembly disposedbetween the at least two laterally spaced apart electrical generatorapparatuses, the maintenance access assembly including a plurality ofbounding walls and a maintenance passageway disposed between the atleast two laterally spaced apart electrical generator apparatuses, themaintenance access assembly further including an access manhole disposedin an upper one of the plurality of bounding walls and above themaintenance passageway so as to facilitate access to the maintenancepassageway.
 2. The electrical generator system according to claim 1,wherein, when the external actuation force is applied by the vehicletravelling on the roadway, one of the plurality of linkage members ofeach of the at least two laterally spaced apart electrical generatorapparatuses undergoes substantially translational movement and anotherone of the plurality of linkage members undergoes oscillatory movement.3. The electrical generator system according to claim 1, wherein one ofthe plurality of linkage members of each of the at least two laterallyspaced apart electrical generator apparatuses is pivotally mounted abouta fixed support member.
 4. The electrical generator system according toclaim 1, wherein the rotatable top portion of each of the at least twolaterally spaced apart electrical generator apparatuses comprises afirst end region and a second end region, the first end region of therotatable top portion being rotatably connected to a support, and thesecond end region of the rotatable top portion being operatively coupledto the first one of the plurality of linkage members by means of adownwardly protruding portion.
 5. The electrical generator systemaccording to claim 1, wherein the rotatable top portion of each of theat least two laterally spaced apart electrical generator apparatusesfurther comprises: an upper layer of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP); anda lower support structure disposed underneath the upper layer of fiberreinforced polymer (FRP).
 6. The electrical generator system accordingto claim 1, wherein at least one pair of the plurality of electricalgenerator apparatuses are arranged in mirrored relationship to oneanother.
 7. The electrical generator system according to claim 6,wherein the at least one pair of the plurality of electrical generatorapparatuses are mirrored with respect to a reference plane that extendsin a direction substantially transverse to the longitudinal direction ofthe roadway.
 8. An electrical generator system configured to convert anexternal actuation force applied by a vehicle traveling on a roadwayinto electrical energy, the electrical generator system comprising: aplurality of electrical generator apparatuses, a first of said pluralityof electrical generator apparatuses being arranged in mirroredrelationship to a second of said plurality of electrical generatorapparatuses, the first and second electrical generator apparatuses beingmirrored with respect to a reference plane that extends in a directionsubstantially transverse to the longitudinal direction of the roadway,and the first and second electrical generator apparatuses eachincluding: a rotatable top portion adapted to receive the externalactuation force applied by the vehicle traveling on the roadway; aplurality of linkage members operatively connected to one another insuccession, the rotatable top portion being operatively coupled to afirst one of the plurality of linkage members; a rotatable shaftoperatively coupled to a last one of the plurality of linkage members bymeans of one or more intervening components; at least one flywheeloperatively coupled to the rotatable shaft; and at least one electricalgenerator operatively coupled to the rotatable shaft, the electricalgenerator adapted to convert a rotational movement of the rotatableshaft into electrical energy.
 9. The electrical generator systemaccording to claim 8, wherein the one or more intervening componentscomprise a first wheel, a second wheel, and a tangential couplingelement; the first wheel being operatively connected to the last one ofthe plurality of linkage members; the second wheel being operativelyconnected to the first wheel via the tangential coupling element; andthe second wheel being operatively connected to the rotatable shaft. 10.The electrical generator system according to claim 9, wherein thetangential coupling element comprises one of: (i) a chain and (ii) abelt.
 11. The electrical generator system according to claim 9, whereinthe second wheel is configured to rotate at a higher angular velocitythan the first wheel.
 12. The electrical generator system according toclaim 8, wherein the at least one flywheel comprises two or moreflywheels.
 13. An electrical generator apparatus configured to convertan external actuation force applied by a vehicle traveling on a roadwayinto electrical energy, the electrical generator apparatus comprising: arotatable top portion adapted to receive the external actuation forceapplied by the vehicle traveling on the roadway; a plurality of linkagemembers operatively connected to one another in succession, therotatable top portion being operatively coupled to a first one of theplurality of linkage members; a first wheel operatively coupled to alast one of the plurality of linkage members; a second wheel operativelycoupled to the first wheel via a tangential coupling element; arotatable shaft operatively coupled to the second wheel; at least oneflywheel operatively coupled to the rotatable shaft; and at least oneelectrical generator operatively coupled to the rotatable shaft, theelectrical generator adapted to convert a rotational movement of therotatable shaft into electrical energy; wherein the second wheel isconfigured to rotate at a higher angular velocity than the first wheel;wherein, when the electrical generator apparatus is in an unloadedstate, an upper surface of the rotatable top portion is disposedsubstantially flush with respect to an upper surface of adjacent roadwaypavement; and wherein, when the electrical generator apparatus is in aloaded state, the upper surface of the rotatable top portion is disposedin a downwardly sloping position such that the upper surface of therotatable top portion is angularly depressed with respect to theadjacent roadway pavement.
 14. The electrical generator apparatusaccording to claim 13, wherein a shaft of the at least one electricalgenerator is offset with respect to the rotatable shaft, and the shaftof the at least one electrical generator is operatively connected to therotatable shaft via an additional tangential coupling element.
 15. Anelectrical generator system comprising a plurality of electricalgenerator apparatuses as set forth in claim 13, at least two of theplurality of electrical generator apparatuses being laterally spacedapart from one another across a width of the roadway.
 16. The electricalgenerator system according to claim 15, further comprising a housinghaving a bottom wall, a top wall, and a plurality of side walls for atleast partially enclosing the plurality of electrical generatorapparatuses, the housing including a maintenance passageway disposedbetween the at least two laterally spaced apart electrical generatorapparatuses, the housing further including an access manhole disposed inthe top wall of the housing and above the maintenance passageway so asto facilitate access to the maintenance passageway.
 17. The electricalgenerator system according to claim 16, wherein the bottom wall of thehousing is stepped downwardly in the location of the maintenancepassageway so as to provide increased headroom height in the housing forservicing of the electrical generator apparatuses.
 18. The electricalgenerator system according to claim 15, wherein at least two of theplurality of electrical generator apparatuses are mirrored with respectto a reference plane that extends in a direction substantiallytransverse to the longitudinal direction of the roadway.
 19. Theelectrical generator apparatus according to claim 13, wherein therotatable top portion further comprises: a preformed polymer cover; acompressible filler material disposed underneath the preformed polymercover; and a lower support structure disposed underneath thecompressible filler material; wherein the lower support structure isoperatively connected to a first one of the plurality of linkage membersby means of a downwardly protruding portion.
 20. The electricalgenerator apparatus according to claim 13, further comprising anoverrunning clutch configured to disengage the rotatable shaft from thesecond wheel when the rotatable shaft rotates at a higher angularvelocity than the second wheel, thereby enabling the rotatable shaft torotate independently from the second wheel.